| Fig 1—Text-based programming is not an engineering discipline (a), even if engineers are writing the software. Management contributes to the problem by continuing to view software as a service rather than as a product. In a schema for engineered software (b), engineers fashion software systems at the engineering level by designing and assembling software components. These engineers use diagrammatic programming systems, writing no code at all. Management directs the engineers to produce usable software components as products and sets up a certifying organization.
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