Low-cost current monitor tracks high dc currents
Oscillator's output tracks current as it varies inductor's core characteristics.
Susanne Nell, Breitenfurt, Austria; Edited by Brad Thompson and Fran Granville -- EDN, March 1, 2007
To measure high levels of direct current for overload detection and protection, designers frequently use either a current-shunt resistor or a toroidal core and Hall-effect magnetic-field sensor. Both methods suffer from drawbacks. For example, measuring 20A with a 10-mΩ resistor dissipates 4W of power as waste heat. The Hall-effect sensor delivers accurate measurements and wastes little power, but it’s an expensive approach to simple current monitoring.
This Design Idea describes an inexpensive, low-power current-measurement circuit that’s useful for measurements of modest accuracy. As a bonus, a filter inductor in a dc/dc converter’s input line can double as a current sensor for the measurement circuit. A representative ferrite core’s permeability decreases as the core nears saturation (Figure 1). The curve’s shape and values depend on the core material’s characteristics and whether the core includes an air gap.
The core’s permeability depends on the magnetic-flux level in the ferrite material, which in turn depends on the amount of current flowing through the core’s windings. This circuit uses a simple LC oscillator to measure the core’s permeability. A primary winding comprising one or more turns wound on the core carries the measurement current. A multiturn secondary winding on the core forms an inductor, L, that determines the oscillator’s resonant frequency.
In theory, any LC oscillator circuit will serve in this application, but, in practice, the current-measurement winding presents a low impedance that damps the LC-tank circuit and causes start-up and stability problems in some oscillator circuits. Of a variety of tested oscillator circuits, the design in Figure 2 offers the best performance. A number of factors affect the core’s permeability, which in turn impacts the circuit’s frequency stability and limits its applications to current-overload detection and low-accuracy current measurements.
Figure 3 illustrates the circuit’s output-frequency-versus-current characteristics for three vendors’ ferrite cores of identical dimensions and number of secondary turns. For best linearity, use a low-hysteresis core material. Cores of virtually any dimensions and materials work in the circuit but require optimization of the number of turns on the oscillator tank and primary windings. Increase the core’s air gap, if present, when the current you apply to the core causes saturation before reaching the overload value. For improved performance and linear measurements, use the circuit in a closed-loop configuration (Reference 1).
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Good Job, Gregory! Considering the pace of technological progress it is not that easy to come up with the circuit design idea, which keeps its flavor for 14 years!
Btw, folks: do you have any comments on TempCo of such device and repeatability of specs from unit to unit?
And, though digging the past could be rather exciting, but some reality check and forward-thinking could be handy, either… so, here is a question for both authors: could you shed some light on the best practices of accurate high-current measurement in existing commercial devices (like in those portable DMM w/10A range, priced below $50) and technology trends in this area?
Thanks.
My best,
Alexander Bell
Alexander Bell - 2007-29-3 10:23:00 PDT -
Actually, the linearity depends mainly on the PLL loop gain. A high loop gain makes the system work in a very short part of the magnetic characteristic, which, in this circumstance, may be considered a straight line thus linearizing the total current sensor characteristic.
This idea was first published almost 14 years back in the British magazine in the chapter "Circuit Ideas", Electronics World + Wireless World, July 1993 page 596, Author: G.Mirsky /Moscow,Russia.
Gregory Mirsky - 2007-1-3 11:28:00 PST
