Many low-dropout-voltage regulators see service in electronic systems, but relatively few are designed for low-noise operation. (For example, Maxim's MAX8887 achieves a noise voltage of approximately 42 µV rms. However, certain applications, such as ultra-low-noise instrumentation oscillators, demand even lower levels of power-supply noise. To reach this level, the circuit in Figure 1 combines low-noise components and extra filtering to achieve an output noise floor of only 6 nV/ .

Voltage reference IC₁, a Maxim MAX6126, features low output noise. Lowpass filter R₁-C₁ further reduces this noise by attenuating noise frequencies above IC₁'s 0.16-Hz cutoff frequency. The filtered reference voltage drives the inverting terminal of error amplifier IC₂, a Maxim MAX4475, which regulates the output voltage by means of Q₁, a P-channel power FET source follower. Feedback resistors R₂ and R₃ determine the output voltage as follows: R₂=R₃[(V_OUT/2.048V)–1].

The simplified noise-analysis diagram illustrates the components' noise contributions (Figure 2). Lowpass filter R₁-C₁ attenuates high-frequency noise on the voltage reference's output. The op amp's noise current, 0.5 fA/ , is negligible with respect to its voltage noise, 4.5 nV/ . The reference-noise source adds to the op-amp voltage noise because they effectively connect in series. The MOSFET's noise contribution appears at Q₁'s input.

The noise at IC₂'s inverting terminal equals the noise at its noninverting terminal:



and



where V_{N_OUT} represents the low-dropout circuit's output noise, V_{N_REF} represents the reference noise, V_{N_OPAMP} represents the op amp's input-referred noise, and H(f) represents the R₁-C₁ lowpass filter's transfer function. If a noise frequency of interest falls well below the filter's cutoff frequency, the reference noise is negligible, and the low-dropout circuit's output noise comprises only the op amp's noise multiplied by the closed-loop gain. The feedback loop suppresses V_{N_FET}, the MOSFET's noise contribution, which therefore can't contribute to the output noise. For frequencies within the loop's bandwidth, the low-dropout circuit also rejects ripple and noise voltages that the power supply introduces.

Figure 3 shows a plot of noise density versus frequency for the circuit of Figure 1, which exhibits a noise floor of about 6 nV/ at 1 kHz. For comparison, the plot shows the noise-measurement instrument's noise floor and a typical low-dropout circuit's much higher noise density—for example, 500 nV/ at 1 kHz for the MAX8887 low-noise, low-dropout circuit.

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